Analytical Chemistry

What is chromatography and how does it separate chemical mixtures? What are the main types of chromatography? How does gas chromatography work? How does liquid chromatography differ from gas chromatography? What detectors are commonly used in chromatography? How do retention times help identify compounds? What are common sources of error in chromatography? How is chromatography used in forensic science?

What is electrochemical analysis? What is the principle behind potentiometry? How does voltammetry measure chemical species? What role do electrodes play in electrochemistry? How do reference electrodes maintain stable potentials? What is the Nernst equation and why does it matter? How is pH measured electrochemically? What industrial processes rely on electrochemical analysis?

How does mass spectrometry identify molecules? What is ionization and why is it necessary? What are the major types of mass analyzers? How do fragmentation patterns reveal structure? What is tandem mass spectrometry used for? How do scientists interpret mass spectra? What limitations does mass spectrometry have? How is mass spec used in medicine and biology?

What is spectroscopy and why is it important? What are the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum? How does infrared spectroscopy identify functional groups? What information does UV-Vis spectroscopy provide? How does nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) work? What is chemical shift in NMR? How do scientists interpret spectroscopic data? What are common applications of spectroscopy?

What is titration and why is it used? What is the difference between acid-base and redox titrations? How does an indicator work in titration? What is the equivalence point? How do burettes allow precise measurement? What errors commonly affect titration accuracy? How are titration curves interpreted? What industries rely heavily on titration?