Biochemistry

What are amino acids and why are they important? What distinguishes essential from non-essential amino acids? How do amino acids link together to form proteins? What is the role of side chains? How do amino acids influence protein folding? How do scientists sequence amino acids? What diseases are linked to amino acid metabolism? How does diet affect amino acid balance?

What are carbohydrates chemically? What is the difference between monosaccharides and polysaccharides? How do humans metabolize carbohydrates? How do carbohydrate structures affect digestion? What is the role of fiber in health? What is glycogen and how is it stored? How are carbohydrates analyzed in the lab? What diseases involve carbohydrate metabolism?

What are enzymes and how do they work? What is activation energy? What is the lock-and-key model? How do temperature and pH affect enzyme activity? What is enzyme inhibition? How do scientists measure enzyme kinetics? Why are enzymes essential in metabolism? How are enzymes used industrially?

What are lipids and why are they biologically important? What distinguishes fats from oils? How do phospholipids form biological membranes? What is cholesterol’s role in the body? How are lipids metabolized? What are trans fats and how are they produced? How do lipids affect heart disease risk? What laboratory methods analyze lipids?

What are proteins composed of? What are the four levels of protein structure? How do proteins fold into functional shapes? What techniques reveal protein structure? How do mutations affect protein shape? What role do proteins play in cell signaling? How do enzymes differ from other proteins? How do scientists engineer proteins?